Only in Urdu 48
What this means for learners
Urdu and Dafla share 10 sounds — roughly 17% of Dafla's inventory overlaps with Urdu. Shared sounds are ones a speaker already knows from their native language and will generally produce and perceive accurately without explicit training.
The 17 sounds found only in Dafla represent the greatest pronunciation challenge for Urdu speakers. The adult brain tends to map unfamiliar sounds onto the closest native equivalent — a process that produces the characteristic "accent" of a second-language speaker. Learning to hear and produce these sounds as distinct requires focused ear training, not just repetition.
Conversely, Urdu has 48 sounds not used in Dafla. Native Dafla speakers learning Urdu will face the mirror-image challenge with these sounds.
Phoneme inventories from PHOIBLE. Data reflects one documented inventory per language; some variation exists across dialects and sources.