/ˈaɪ.pə/ IPA Lookup

IPA Chart

The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is a standardized system for representing the sounds of any spoken language using a consistent set of symbols. Developed in the late 19th century and maintained by the International Phonetic Association, it is the universal tool for describing pronunciation in linguistics, language teaching, speech therapy, and dictionary notation.

This chart covers every consonant, vowel, and tone symbol documented across the world's languages. Symbols are grouped by how they are produced — their place of articulation (where in the mouth), manner (how airflow is shaped), and voicing (whether the vocal cords vibrate). Click any symbol to hear it, see which languages use it, and explore related sounds.

Consonants

affricate

dzˠ d̻z̻ d̪ð̪ nɮ dzʷ n̪d̪z̪ n̤d̤z̤ dzː ts̰ dz d̪z̪ d̪ð ɲ̟ʝ̟ d̪z nzɾ ndz d̪z̪̤|dz̤ d̞ d̪z̪ʲ ʱdz n̪z̪|nz dz̤ n̪z̪ t̰s̰ dz̺ d̺z̺ d̺z̺ː dz̪ d̪z̪ʲ|dzʲ d̤z̤ dz̻ nz nd͇z͇ d̟z̟ d̤z dzʲ d̤z̤ː d̻z̻ː ndzʲ d̟ʒ̟ nzʷ nð d̪z̪ː d͇z͇ d̪ʒ dzʱ d̪z̪|dz ndzʷ t̪s̪ʲ nsʷ t̟ʃ̟ t̪s̪ˀ|tsˀ ʰtsʲ t̟s̟ t̪s t̪s̪ʲʰ tsʲ t̪s̪ʰ t̪s̪ʷʰ|tsʷʰ tsʷʼ t̺s̺ː t̪s̪ʷʼ|tsʷʼ t̺s̺ ntsʰ tsʷʰ t̪s̪ʷ t̻s̪̻ t̪s̪ʼ|tsʼ nts tsʰ t̪s̪ʼː|tsʼː ʰtsʰ t̪s̪ʷʰ t̪s̪ʷʲʰ t̪s̪ʷʲ nt͇s͇ʰ tsʼː tsʷ t̪s̪ʷː|tsʷː ts t̪s̪ʲ|tsʲ ts͇ tsʰː tsˤʰ tsˀ d̥z̥ nθ t͉s t̪̻s̪̻ t̪s̪ʰ|tsʰ nɬ ts͇ʰ t͇s͇ t̪s̪ː|tsː ʷʰts ntsʼ t̪s̪ʼ n̪s̪|ns tsʲː t̪θ̪ ns ʰtsː d̥z̥ʲ t͇s͇ʰ t̪s̪ t̻s̻ʼ t̪s̪|ts t̻s̻ n̪t̪s̪|nts t̻s̻ʰ n̪t̪s̪ n̪t̪s̪ʰ tsʲʰ t̪s̪ʷʼ t̻s̻ː t̪θʼ ˀt̪s t̪θʰ t̪θ t͈sʷ t͈s t̪s̪ʷʲʼ dzʼ d̺̥z̺̥ nsʰ tːs t̺s̺ʰ t̺s̺ʼ tsː ʰts ts̺ nsɾ tsˠ n̤s tsʼ ts̻ ts̪ t̪s̪ː t̪s̪ʲʼ mv bβ m̤b̤v̤ bvʷ ɱfʷ pɸ mpfʼ ɱv mbv ɱvʲ bv b̤v̤ pfʰ ɱ̥f pfʼ mpf ɱf ɱ̤f ɱfʲ pf d̤ʒ̤ː ɲɟʝ ɖ̻ʐ̻ d̤ʒ̤ n̠̩d̠ʒ d̠ʒ d̠ʒː d̠ʒ̤ d̠̤ʒ̤ d̻ʒ̻ ˀd̠ʒ n̠d̠ʒ n̠̤d̠̤ʒ t̠ʃ̰ d̠͈ʒ n̠ʒ d̠ːʒ ɟʝ d̠ʒʱ ɟʝʷ d̠ʒʷ d̠z̠ʲ d̠ʒʲ d̠ʒ̤ː ɟʝː ɟ̤ʝ ɲʒ n̠d̠ʒʷ d̠ʒˠ t̠͈ʃʷ t̠ʃʲʰ cçʼ n̠t̠ʃʼ t̠ʃʲ t̻ʃ̻ t̠ʃˠ ʈ̻ʂ̻ t̠ʃʲː cçː t̠ʃː t̠ʃʷː d̥ʒ̊ t̠ʃʰ ʰt̠ʃʰ cçʷ n̠t̠ʃ n̠t̠ʃʰ ɟ̥ʝ̥ d̠ʒʰ ʰt̠ʃ t̠͈ʃ t̠ʃʼ t̠ʃʷʼ t̠ʃˀ t̠ʃ͉ t̠ːʃ t̠͈ʃː t̠ʃʰː t̠ʃʼː n̠̥t̠ʃ n̠t̠ʃʷ t̠ʃˤ t̠ʃˤʼ t̠ʃˤʰ t̠ʃʷʰ ʰt̠ʃː d̥ʒ̥ t̠͉ʃ d̠ʒʼ cçʷʰ t̠ʃ n̠ʃʷ n̠ʃ t̪ʃ|t̠ʃ t̠ʃʷ t̠s̠ʲʰ cçʰ cç ɖʐ ɳɖʐ d̺ʒ̺ ɖʐʷ d̠ʒɾ d̺̠ʒ̺ʷ ɖ̥ʐ̥ ʰʈʂʰ t̠ʃɾ t̺ʃ̺ʷ ʈʂʼ ʈʂʷ t̠ʃ̺ʰ t̺ʃ̺ ʈʂː ʈʂ͇ ɳʈʂ t̠ʃ̺ n̥ʃ ʈʂ ʈʂʰ n̠t̠ʃɾ ɳʈʂʰ ɢʁ qχˤ qχʼː qχʷˤ qχˤʼ qχˤː qχː qχʰː qχʰ qχʷˤʼ qχ qχʷ qχʷʼ qχʼ ŋɣʲ ŋɣᶣ ɡɣ ŋɣʷ ŋɣ ɡǀ͓x ɡ̰ǀ͓x kxʼː kxʷʰ kxʼ ŋ̥ǀ͓xˀ ŋ̥ǂxˀ ŋkx ɡǂ͓ˡx ŋxʰ kx kxʰː ŋ̥ǂ͓ˡxˀ kxː kxʰ ɡ̰ǂ͓ˡx kxʷ ɱð ɱvɾ mɦ ɳɦ nɦ t̪s̪ɦ|tsɦ d̠ʒxʼ ɱfɾ ŋhʲ ŋhʷ t̠ʃx ŋhᶣ nh tsɦ ŋh

approximant

ɹ̪̩ˠ ɾ̞ ð̞ R R̪̰|R̰ ɹ̪̩ ð̺̞ R̪ Rʲ z̞̩ˠ R̪|R ɹ̪̰̩ z̞̩ j̟ j̪ R̪̥|R̥ w̞ w˞ w β̞ʲ w̰ w̜ʲ ʱw wː w̤ β̞ˠ wˤ β̞ː ẅ ˀw β̞ w̜ wʲ ɥˤ ɹ̪̹̩ wˀ ɻ̹̩ ˀw̰ wʱ ɥ ɥ̥ w̥ ʼw ɥ̊ wʼ ˀw̥ ʋː ʋʲ ʋ̩ ʋ j j̰ ʱj jˤ ˀj jʷ jˀ ˀj̰ jː jʱ j̤ ˀj̥ j̊ j̥ʷ ʼj j̥ ɹ̝ ɟʝ̞ j̻ ɹ̪|ɹ ɹ̩ ɹ ɹ̰ˤ ɹˤ ɹ̥ ɹ̪̥|ɹ̥ ɻʷ ɻ ɻʲ ɻ̺ ɻ̟ ɻ̩ ɻː ɹ̺ ɻ̊ ʁ̞ʷ ʁ̞ ʁ̞̰ʷ ɰ ɰ̰

fricative

ðˠ ðˤ θ̰ ð͇ˠ zɾ ʝ̟ ðː z͇ ð͉ z̪͇|z͇ ð̪̺ ð̪ ð̪̙ˤ ðʲ ð s͇ s̻θ θː θʼ θ̪ θ ç̟ θ̻ sɾ ðʼ βʲ vʷ βː βʷ β βʲː fʷː ɸ̞ ɸʷ ʍ ˀʍʲ ɸʼ ɸʷˠ ˀʍ ʍw fʷ ʍʲ ɸː ɸʰ ɸ ɸʲ ʢ ɦʷ ɦ̤ ɦ ʢʷ h hʷ hː hʲ hˀ hʼ hʷʲ hᶣ ʜ ʜː ʜʷ v vˠ vː vʲ v̤ f̰ vʱ vˤ v̼ v̩ f͉ f͈ː fː fˠ f fˑ fʼ fʰ v̥ fʲː fʲ f̩ ɣ̟ʲ x̟ʲ ʝ ʓ ʒ͇ ʓʷ ʝː ʃ͇ ʆʼ ʆʷ ʆʷʼ çʷ çʰ ʆ ç çː çʲ ʐ͇ ʂ͇ ʁʷˤ ʕ̰ʷ ʁˤ ʕ ʕ̙ ʕ̰ ʀʁ ʕː ʁ ʕʷ ʁː ʁʷː ʁʷ χ χʼː ħ χʼ χˤː ʕʷʼ ħ͈ː ʕʼ χˤ χʷˤː χʷˤ χʷ χ͈ χ͈ʷ ħː χʷː ħʷ χʷʼ χː ʁʲ ɣ͈ː ɣ̰ ɣː ɣ̩ ɣ̤ ɣ ɣʲ ɣˀ ɣʷ xʷː x̠ xʀ̥ χʷʲ x̥ xʰ ɣ̥ χʲ xʲː xʼ x͈ʷ x͈ xː xʷ x͉ ɣ̊ x ʼɣ xʲ x͈ː xʷʼ vɾ lɦ ɣv fɾ xh

lateral fricative

l̻ l͈ː lˤ l̺ ɫ̪ l̪ˤ|lˤ l̟ ɮʲ ɮ̪|ɮ lʲː lʲˑ lˑ l l̪ˠ|lˠ l̪̤|l̤ l̪ʲ ɫ l̻ː ɮ̪ʲ l̪ʲ|lʲ l̪̰|l̰ ʷl lˠ ʱl l̠˞ l̰ l̪̩ ɮ̪ lː l̪ˠ l͉ ˀl lʱ lᶣ l̪|l ɮ̤ l̪ʷ ɫː ɫ̺ l̪̤ l̪ ɫ̻ ɮ̺ ȴʷ ʎ̻̟ l̩ l̤ l̪ː lˤː ʎ̟ lˀ l̪ˤ l̪ˤː lʷʲ ɮ ȴ l̻̰ lʲ lʷ ɬʷ ɬ̪ʷ|ɬʷ ɮʼ ɬ̪ʷː|ɬʷː ɬ̪ ɬ̪ʼ|ɬʼ ɬʼ ɬ̪ʲ|ɬʲ ɬ̪̺ ɬ̻ ɬl ɬ̪ʲʼ ɬ̪ʲ ɬʲʼ ɬ̪|ɬ ɬʲ ɬː ɬˠ ɬ ɬ̪ː|ɬː ɬ̪ː ˀl̪̥ lʼ lʼː l̥ː l̥ʲ l̥ ɫ̥ l̪̊ l̥ˠ ʰl̥ ʼl l̪̥ ʎ̟̥ l̥ʲː l̪̥|l̥ l̠̤ ʎ̻ l̠ʲ l̠ ʎː ʎʱ ʎ ʎʼ ʎ̥ ɭ ɭʷ ɭ̩ ɭ̤ ɭ̺ ɭ̟ ɭ͓ ɭː ɭ̥ ʟ ʟ͓̥ ɬʟ͓̥

nasal

n̺ n̪ː|nː r̃ n̪̤|n̤ nʱ n̪ʲ|nʲ n͉ n̤ʱ ɲ̟ n̪|n nː ʱn̪ nʷʲ n̪ʷ|nʷ n̪̩ z̞̩̃ˠ n̪ˤ n nˠ n̪ˠ n̪ n̪̰ ʱn ɾ̃ n̻ʲ l̃ nʲ n̪̰|n̰ n̻ː nʲː n̤ nˀ n̩ n̻ nˤː nˤ n̤ʷ n̪ʷ n̪̺ ɲ̻̟ ȵʷ ˀn nˑ n̪ː n͈ː n̰ n̪̤ n̪ʲ ȵ ˀnː nʲˑ nʷ ɲ̟̥ n̥ʲː n̪̥|n̥ n̪̥ ˀn̪̥ ʼn n̥ˠ n̥ n̥ʲ n̪̊ n̥n n̥ː nʼ m̤ m̤ʱ mˑ mʲː mʷ mʱ m m͉ mˤː mʷˠː ʷm mˠ mʷː ˀmː ʱm mˤ m̼ β̃ m͈ː m̩ m̰ mˀ mː mʲ w̃ mʷˠ ɥ̃ ˀm ɸ̃ mʼ m̥m m̥ʷ m̥ m̥ʲː m̥ʲ m̥ʰ m̥ː ʼm ˀm̥ ʔ̃ h̃ ṽ ɱ j̃ ŋ̟ ˀɲː ɲᶣ ɲʱ ɲ̤ n̠̤ ɲ̰ ɲ̤ʱ ɲ̻ ɲʷ n̠ ɲ̠ n̠ʲ ɲː ɲ̩ ˀɲ ɲ ʱɲ ɲ̥ n̠̥ ɲʼ ʼɲ ɲ̊ ɲ̥ɲ ɳ̤ ɳ̟ ɳʷ ɳ̺ ɳʱ ɽ̃ ɳ ɳ̥ ɴː ɴ ŋ̩ ŋ̤ ŋʲː ŋˤ ŋ̞ ˀŋ ŋː ŋʷʲ ɰ̃ ʱŋ ŋʷ ŋ̰ ŋʲ ŋˀ ŋ ŋ̩ʷ ŋʱ ŋ̤ʱ ŋʷː ŋˑ ħ̃ʲ ŋʰ ŋ̥ ŋ̊ ŋ̥ʷ ŋ̥ŋ ʼŋ ŋ̥ʲ ŋmʷ ŋmˤ ŋmʲ ŋm N ŋ̥m̥

sibilant fricative

zˠ z̟ z̪|z z̪ʷ|zʷ z̪ˤ ʑ z̪ʲ ʷʑ ʷz ʱz z̪̻ z̤ s̰ ʑᶣ ʑː zʷ z zʲː z̪ʷ z̪ˤ|zˤ z̪ʲ|zʲ zˤ z͈ː z̪ˤː zː zˤː z̪ z̪ː ʑ̟ z̩ z̺ z̻ː zʲ z̻ zˀ ɕᶣ sʼː s̪ʷː|sʷː sˤː s͈ː sʷ s sʷʲ s̺ s̪ʷ|sʷ s̺ː s̟ s͉ sˑ sᶣ s̪ʲ|sʲ sʲˑ sʲː ɕː s̻ː s̙ˤ ʷʰs s̪ʲ s̪ʷʲ ʼs s̻ s̪ʼ|sʼ ʷʰsʰ s̪|s ɕ z̥ sʲ sʰ ʷʰɕʰ s̪ˤ sˤ s̪̻ sʲʰ s̪ˤː s͈ ɕ̟ː sˠ s̪ʷ s̪ː s̪ ɕ̟ s̪ʰ|sʰ sː s̪ˤ|sˤ s̪ˀ s̪ː|sː ʰsʰ ɕʼ s̪ʼ sʼ sˀ ʰs̪|ʰs ˀs ɕʰ s̩ ʒː ʒˀ ʒʷ ʐ̻ ʒˤ ʒʲː ʒˤː z̠ ʒ͈ː ʒʲ ʒˠ ʒ̩ ʒ ʒ̤ s̠ ɧ ʃː ʃˀ s̺̠ s̻̠ ʃʲː ˀʃʷ ʃʼː ʼʃ ʂ̻ ʃˠ ʃˑ ʃ͉ ʃ̞ ʃ ʃʷ ʃ͈ ʃ͈ʷ ʃʼ ʃˤ ʃʰ ʃ̞ʼ ʃʷː ʃʲ ʰʃ ʃ͈ː ʒ̊ ʐ ʐʷ ʷʐ ʐʲ ʐ̰ ʒ̺ ʱʐ ʂː ʂʰ ʂʼ ʂ ʷʰʂʰ ʃ̺ ʂ͉ fʃ

stop

dʑ n̪d̪ d̪l̪ d̪ˠ d̪ɮ̪|dɮ ɗ̪ ɗ̪|ɗ ʱd ʷd d̻ʲ d̪̤ nr d̪ʲ|dʲ d̙ˤ d̪ː d̪ n̪d̪ʲ|ndʲ n̪d̪|nd d̰ d̻ː dɮ d̪ʲ d̪ⁿ d̪̤ː dn d̪n̪ d̪ˤ dʑʱ dʑʱː dʑː d̪ʱː d̤ɮ̤ t̪̰ ɗʷ d̺̤ d̪ˤ|dˤ d dˀ dʲ dˤ d͈ː ndɾ dɾ ɗʲ ndʲ n̪d̪ʷ|ndʷ d̻ dr ndr dʷ ndʷ dᶣ dl ɟ̟ nl d̟ dˤː nd̪ d̪ʷ|dʷ d̪̺ d̪̰|d̰ dʷʲ dʑᶣ d̪ˤː ɗː d̪ʱ ɗʱ ndʑ d̪|d nɾ d͈ ˀɗ nɗ dʱ d̻ʑ̻ d̩ d̪̤|d̤ d̪̰ d̻̤ʑ̻̤ ndː d̟ːʑ̟ d̟ʑ̟ dlʷ ɡ˞ ɲ̟dʑ d̤ʑ̤ d̻̤ ɗ d̺ d̺ː t̰ nd ˀd d̪̚ ld n̤d̤ɮ̤ ˀd̪ n̤d̤ dˠ d̪̻ d̤ dː ndl ʱdʑ dⁿ t̪ʷ t̪ɬ̪ t̪ɬ̪ʰ t̪ɬ̪ʼ t̺ t tʰ tˀ t̺͉ t̺͈ t̪͉ t̪͈ ȶ tʲ ȶ͉ ȶ͈ ʼd tʼ k˞ʰ k˞ t͈ t̪ʷʼ t̪ʷʲʼ t̪ʷʲʰ t̪ʷʲ t̪ʷʰ t̪ʲʼ t̻ʰ t̻ʼ ʰtʰ ʰtɕʰ t̪ʲʰ ʷʰtɕ ʷʰt t̪ t̪ʰ t̪ː tː t̪̻ tɬʷʼ tɬʷʰ d̪̥ d̥ʲ d̤̥ tz̤̥ tɬʰː t̻ɕ̻ʰ t̻ɕ̻ nt ntɕʰ tʷʼ d̪̤̥ t̻ c̟ t̪ɬʼ t̪ɬ t̺ɕ̺ʼ t̺ɕ̺ t̺ʼ d̺̥ tɬ tɬʰ tɬʼ t̪ˠ ʰtʲ ʰtɕ t͈ː ȶʷ t̪ʼ t͉ tʼː d̥ː d̥ʑ̥ ʰt t̪ˤʼ t̪ˤʰ t̺ʰ t̪̺ tɬː tˤ tɬʼː ʰtː t̪ˤː tˤː c̻̟ t̟ːɕ̟ t̟ɕ̟ ɲ̟tɕʰ ɗ̥ t͉ɕ͉ t̪ˠʰ tˑ t̻ʲ tʲˑ tʲː tʲʰ t̻ʰː t̻ː t̪ʰː d̥ t͉ʲ t̪ʰ|tʰ t̟ t̪|t t̪ʼ|tʼ tʰː tɕː t̪ɬ̪ʰ|tɬʰ t̪ɬ̪ʷʰ|tɬʷʰ t̪ɬ̪ʷʼ|tɬʷʼ t̪ɬ̪ʼ|tɬʼ t̪ʷʰ|tʷʰ t̪ː|tː tɕʰː ȶȵ t̪ˤ t̪ɬ̪ʼː|tɬʼː t̪ɬ̪ː|tɬː n̪t̪|nt tɕ t̪ʲ t̪ˀ|tˀ t̪̙ˤ t̪ɬ̪|tɬ t̪ˠʰ|tˠʰ tɕʰ t̪ʲ|tʲ t̪ʲʰ|tʲʰ n̪t̪ n̪t̪ʰ ntɕ t̪ʷ|tʷ ntɾ t̪ˀ dʼ n̤tʰ tˠ t̺ː st tɕʷ t̪ʼː t̪ˤ|tˤ tɾ t̪ɬ̪ˀ|tɬˀ tɕʼ tr tʰʼ ntʷ tʷ tʷʰ tʲʼ ˀt ntʰ ntʼ ntlʼ tlʱ tɬ̰ ˀt̪ ˀt̪ɬ tɕᶣ tn t̪n̪ tl ɡbː bː b̤ m̤b̤ b̤ʲ bʲ ˀɡb ɡb̩ ɡb b̪ b̩ ʱb b˞ ˀb mbʲ b̰ bˤː bˤ bʷː bm bʱː b̤ː bⁿ ɓʲ ŋmɡb b mb b͈ː ɓʷ bʱ bˀ mbˠ ˀb͉ mbʷ b͉ p̰ bʷ mbː bʲː ɓː b͈ bʷˠ mɓ bˠ ɡbʲ ɡbˤ b̻ ɓ ɡbʷ mw pˤʰ pʰ ŋmkpɾ b̥ b̥ʰ mpʷ p͉ʲ pˑ pʰː pʲʼ pʷˠʰ bʼ pˠʰ m̤pʰ ɓ̥ pʲʰ p̼ ˀkp kp ɓ̥ː ʰpː m̥p mpʲ pʲ p˞ kpʷ p˞ʰ ʰp b̥ː pʼː p͉ pʲː ʼb ʰpʲ p͈ p͈ː kpʲ pˠ kpˤ ŋmkp pʷ pˤ pʼ ˀp p mp pm pʷʰ b̤̥ p̻ pʷˠ pʷˠː mpʼ pː kpː ʰpʰ pˀ pʷʼ mpʰ kpʰ b̤z̤ ʔ̬ n̤ɡ̤ ʔː ʔʲː ʔˤ t̪ʼkxʼ d̪ʼkxʼ ʔʲ dʼkxʼ ʔ ʔʷ pʼkxʼ ʔʷʼ ʔʼ tʼkxʼ ɲj ɡ̟ ɡ̟ʲ k̟ʲʼ k̟ k̟ʰ k̟ʲʰ ɲɟʑ d̠ʓ d̠̰ ɟ̰ ʷɟ ɲʄ ɟ̰̩ c̰ ɟ ɟ̤ ɲ̤ɟ̤ d̠ʓʷ d̠ʲ ˀɟ ɟʱ ɲɟ ʄ ɟʲ c̤ ɟː ɟʷ ɗ̠ ʱɟ d̠ⁿ d̠ n̠d̠ ɲc cʷ ʄ̥ k̻ c cʰ t̠ʆʷʰ t̠ʆʷʼ ɲcʼ ˀc t̠ʆʷ ɲ̤cʰ cʼː t̠ʰ cʼ t̠ʲ c̠ ʰc cˀ cʰː ɲcʲ ɲcʰ n̠t̠ t̠ʆʰ t̠n̠ cʷʰ cɲ cː c̻ t̠ʆ t̠ cʲ cn̠ ɖ̰ ɖɽ ɳɖɽ ɖr̠͓ ɗʒ ɖɳ ɖⁿ ɖ̤ː ᶑː ᶑ nɟ ɳɖ ɳɖr ɖʱ ɳɖr̠ ɖr̠ ˀɖ ɖ̤ ɖː ʱɖ ɖ ɖr ᶑʼː ʈ͈ q̺ ʈr ʈˀ ɳʈr̠̥ ʈ̟ ɳʈ ʈr̠̥ ʈʰː ʈː ʃt ʰʈ ʈ͉ ᶑʼ ɳʈʰ ʈʷ ʈʼ ʷʰʈ ʈɳ ʈ ʈɽ ʈɹ̠̥ ʈʰ ɳʈɽ̥ʰ ʈɽ̥ ʈɽ̥ʰ ʈ̺ q̰ ʕ̝ ɴɢ ɢʱ ɢʷˤ ɢˤ ɢʷ q̰ʷ ɢ ɢː qˤ ɢǃqʰ ɢǁqʰ ɢǀqʰ qʰ qʷʰ qʷʼ qʼ q͈ q͈ʷ ɴq qˀ ɴqʰ qʷˀ qˤʼ qˤʰ qʷˤʼ qʷˤʰ q ʰqʰ ɢ̥ ˀq ʛ̥ qʷː ʰq qʷʼː qʷ qʼː qː ˀɡ ɡʲ ɡʲː ŋɡʷ ɡ̤ʷ ɠ ɡ̰ ŋ̤ɡ̤ k̰ k̰ʷ ŋɡʲ ɡⁿ ɡ̤ː ɡ̙ ŋɡ̟ ɡː ɡ ɠː ˀɡʷ ɡ͈ː ɡ̩ ʱɡ ɡ̤ ɡˡ ɡʷ ŋ̤ɡǃ ɡʷː ɡ̩ʷ ŋɡː ŋɡ ɡʷʲ ɡʱ ɡᶣ qʲʼ kʷʰː kʷʼː kʼː kʲː kǀkxʼ ɡǂx ʰk ɡǃxʼ ɡǃx ʰkʷ ɡǂkxʼ kǁkxʼ ɡǁx ɡʼ ɡǁkʰ ɡǁkxʼ ɡǀx ɡ̰ǂx ɡǀkʰ ɡ̰ǃx ɡǀkxʼ kǂkxʼ kʷˀ kǃkxʼ kʲ qʷʲʰ ɠ̥ kᶣ ɡ‼xʼ ɡ‼x ɡ̊ʷ xk ɡʼkxʼ ɡʘx ɡǁxʼ ŋk ɡ̊ ɡ̊ʰ ŋkʷ k͈ː kʲʰ kʷ kŋ ʰkʲ ɡʘkʰ k kˑ kʷʰ kʷʼ kˀ ɡʘkxʼ ɡ̤̥ ɡ̊ː ŋ̤kʰ kʼ k͈ k͈ʷ ʼɡ ŋkʼ k͉ ɡǃkʰ ŋkʰ ɡǃkxʼ ɡǂkʰ kʰː kʟ̥ʼ ʷʰk kʰ kɡ ɡǀxʼ kʲʼ ʰkː ˀkʷ ɠ̥ʲ ʰkʰ kʘkxʼ kʷː ɠ̥ʷ kʷʲ kʷʲʰ kʷʲʼ k̙ qʲ qʲʰ qʷʲ qʷʲʼ kʟ͓̥ʼ kː ŋkʲ ˀk k͉ʷ kˤ ɡm bz ɡɓ bɦ d̪ɦ bɡ mɾ nɡ ɠɓ ŋɡmb ŋb ŋɾ ɡɦ nɡɾ ɡɾ mbz nb mbɾ ɳɡʷ ɖɦ ɳɡ br bɾ ɟɦ ɡv bzʷ pʃʰ kl ʔŋǃ d̪x dx ʔw ʔŋǂ qn qm lʔ kf ʔŋǀ pt tɦ ʡˤ mpɾ ʡ kʷɾ kɾ kɬ t̪ɦ tx t̪ɦ|tɦ kʘʔ km ʔj ps pkʰ ʔŋʘ jʔ ʔŋǁ ŋkɾ t̪x kʘh psʰ pɾ kǃʔ kǃh kǂʔ ʔɾ kǂh kǁʔ kɦ t̪ʙ pɦ psʷ kǁh psʷʰ kǀʔ kǀh pʃʼ

tap

ɾ͓ ɾ̺ ɺʲ ɾ ɾʲ ɾ̪ˠ ᴅ̪̰ ɾ̪ʲ ɾʷ ɾˀ ɾ̪|ɾ ɾ̤ ᴅ̪ ɺ̪|ɺ ɾˠ ɾ̻ ɾˤ ʱɾ ɾː ɾʷʲ ɾ̪ ɾ̪ʲ|ɾʲ ɺ ᴅ ʱɾ̪ ɾ̰ ɾʱ ɺː ɾ̥ ɾ̥ʲ ɾ̥ˠ ɾ̪̊ ɾ̪̊ʰ ɺ̥ ɡbɾ ⱱ̟ kpɾ ⱱ ɺ̠ ɺ̺̠ ɺ̠̰ ɾ̠ ɽ̩ ɽʱ ɽ ɽ̤ ɽ̊

trill

rˀ r̩ r̪ˤ|rˤ rˑ r̪̰|r̰ r̪ː rʱ rˤ r̟ ʷr r̪ʲ r͈ː r̪ˠ|rˠ r̺ r̪ˤː r̪ˤ r rʲː r̺ʲ rˤː r̪͓|r͓ rᶣ r̤ r̰ ˀr r̝ r̪|r r̺͈ rː rʷ r̪ʲ|rʲ rʲ r̪ r̺̥ rʼ rʼː rʰ r̥ː r̥ʲ r̪̥|r̥ r̥ r̥ʲː ɡbr ʙ kpr r̠̙ r̠ r̠ʲ ʀ

click

ɡʘ ɡǀ ɢǀ ɢǁ ɢǂ ɢǃ ɢʘ ɡ̤ǁ ɡ̤ǀ ŋ̤ǁ ŋǁ͓ ŋǀʱ ŋǃʱ ŋ̤ǀ ŋ‼ ŋǁ ŋǀ ŋ‼ʱ ɡǀʱ ɡǃʱ ɡ‼ ŋǃ̠ ɡ‼ʱ ɡǃ̠ ɡǁ͓ ɡ̤ǃ ɡ̤ǂ͓ˡ ɡ̤ǂ ɡ̤ǀ͓ ɡǃ ɡǂ͓ˡ ɡǂ ɡǀ͓ ŋ̤ǃ ŋ̤ǂ͓ˡ ŋ̤ǂ ŋǀ͓ ŋ̤ǀ͓ ŋǃ ŋǂ͓ˡ ŋǂ ŋʘ ɡǁ kǀ͓ kǀxʼ kǀʰʼ kǁxʼ kǁʰʼ kǃ̠ʰ kǁʼ kǃxʼ kǃʰʼ kǃʼ k‼ kǂx k‼x k‼xʼ kǀ̪ k‼ʰ k‼ʰʼ kǀ͓x qǃ kǀʷʰ k‼ʼ kǁ͓ˀ kǀʷ kǀ͓ˀ qǁʼ kǃ kǃʰ kǃ̠xʰ kǃxʰ kǁ͓xʰ kǀ͓ˠʰ kǂ͓ˡ kǁ kǃx kǂ kǃ̪ kǀ͓ʰ qǂ qǂʼ qʘʼ qǀʼ kǀʰ qǁ kǃ͓ kǂ͓ˡʰ kǂ͓ˡx kǂʰ kǃ̠ˀ qǀ kʘʰ kʘx kʘ kǁx kǀx kǁʰ kǀ kǁ͓ kǀʼ kǁ͓ʰ qʘ qǃʼ kǃ̠ ŋ̥ǂ͓ˡˀ ŋ̊ʘ ŋ̥ǀ͓ˀ ʼŋǀ ʼŋǃ ŋ̥ǁ͓ˀ ŋ̥ǃ̠ʰ ŋ̥ǁ͓ʰ ŋ̊ǁ ŋ̊ǂ ŋ̊ǃ ŋ̊ǀ ŋ̥ǃˠˀ ŋ̥ǃˀ ŋ̥ǃ̠ˀ ŋ̥ǃ ŋǁʼ ŋ̥ǂ͓ˡʰ ŋ̥ǂˀ ŋ̥ǂʰ ŋ̥ǀ͓ʰ ŋǃʼ

Vowels

o̞̥ yʼ u̥ i̥ e̥ ɨ̥ ə̥ e̞̥ å ḁ e̥ː a˞ˤ a˞ː i˞ ɑ˞ a˞ e˞ ɨ˞ ɤ˞ ə˞ a̟˞ ə˞ː ɚ ɚː i˞ˤː i˞ˤ ɑ̃˞ ə̃˞ ɐ̆ o oː u uː y ø ɔ ɔː ɵ̞ ɵ̞ː ʊ o̞ ø̞ˤ o̞ː ɒː ʊː ʊ̯ o̰ ṵ ɔ̰ ou̙ o̘ː ɒ ɔ̘ː ɐ u˞ oũ ʉ uo ŭ œ ɶ̝ ou oːu y̆ øː ɐː ʊ̈ ʊ̈ː ɵ uɔ œː o̯ ˀo̯ yː ø̞ ø̞ː ʉː ʏ ɔ̯ ɔo̯ ɔõ̯ ɔ̤ ŏ̞ ɒ̆ ɵ̞̆ ɔ̆ ʊ̙ ʊ̙ː ɐˤ ɔˤ ʊˤ o̞ˤ uˤ ɞ o̤ ṳ ɒ̤ ø̆ o̞u u͓ ŏ o̟ ɐ̹̆ ʉ̆ o̞ˤː ø̠ o̞̰ øy ɒ̝ ɔy ʊ̆ yø̞ ʉ̞ uˤː o̟̞ ö ü o̤ː ṳː ɔ̤ː ɵ̤ ɵ̤ː ʊ̤ ʊ̤ː o˞ o̝ œy ɔu ou̯ u̯o oˀ uˀ ɐu ʊu ɔ̙ ɔ̙ː ʉ̟ ʊɔ oʊ o̘ o̙ u̘ u̙ o̤ˑ o̰ː o̰ˑ ṳˑ ɔ̤ˑ ɔ̰ː ɔ̰ˑ oˑ uˑ y̤ œ̤ ɵː ˀy oˤ oᴱ uᴱ œu u̞ u̞ː ɔ̝ ɔ̝ː i̜ u̜ ɨ̜ ɔˑ uy ö̞ üː uʱ uu̯ oo ɔo oʊ̃ ɔ̽ œ̞ ɵy ʊ̟ yu̯ øu̯ œu̯ ɒu̯ œyː ɔuː œʏ ɞʊ ɐʉ ʏː o̠ u̠ ɐ̃u̜ oʊ̯ uʊ̯ ɔʊ̯ ʊ̯ɐ̃ ʊ̯ɔ ɐ̟ ʊ̽ ɐʊ oˤː ɔˤː ɞʏ̯ ʊˤː y̞ oːu̯ yœ œ̜ œ̜ː ɔ̜ ɔ̜ː u̯ u̯oː u̯õ u̯õː œ̠ œ̠ː ɞ̠ ɞ̠ː ʉœ̠ ʉɞ̠ o̞̜ ʊ̜ œ̞ː o̞̙ ɔu̯ yø ɔʏ ɞ̰ uɔː yu øu ʊ̞ ɞː ɶ ɶː o̟ˑ u̞ˑ ʉu ɵ̟ o̞̜ː ɔ̞ yˑ øˑ uo̞ u̟ ɔ̟̜ uoː ũo ũoː yœː ỹœ ỹœː ɔy̯ː ɔ̞ː oɔ u˞ˤ u˞ˤː ø̤ ʊ̰ ʊ̞̈ ʊ̜̈ ɔʊ y̠ ø̠̞ ɔ̟̜ː ɔ̟̜̰ ɞ̜ ɞ̜ː ɞ̜̰ ʉ̰ y̯ø ʉ̟ː yo uɐ u̯ɔ u̯ɔ̃ ɵ̞̰ ṵː y̰ː œ̰ː u̯ɔː øy̯ øːy̯ ø̞̜ ø̞̜ː u̠u y̰ ø̰ ɵ̆ uœ ʉ̃ ɔ̃ˤː ɒ̃ õ̞ˤ ŏ̃ õũ ũɔ̃ː ɐ̃ʊ̯̃ õ̰ ɔ̞̃ ɐ̃ õˤ õ̞̰ ʊ̃ː ũː ũˤ ɒ̃ː ɔ̜̃ː ʊ̃ ʉ̃ː ɔ̃ː ũ̯ õː ʏ̃ œ̃ː ʏ̃ː õ̞ũ ɔ̟̜̃ː ɔ̃ ɞ̜̃ː ṵ̃ œ̃ ɔ̞̃ː ɔ̃ʊ̯̃ ṳ̃ː ɔ̤̃ː ŭ̃ ỹː ø̃ õ̞ õ̞ː ũ ỹ ø̃ː ɵ̃ õ ḭ iː iˤː ḭˑ i i̯ i̙ i̙ː i̞ i̯y yi yi̯ yĩ ɪi ɪ̙ː ɪ̯ ɪ̝ ɪˤ ḭː ɪ̝ː iˀ ɪ̤ ɪ̆ ɪ̙ i̞ː ʏi̯ i̤ ɪ̠ iʱ i̤ː ɪː iɪ̯ i̠ ɪ̰ i̘ iɪ ii ĭ i̩ː iˑ i͓ iˤ i̤ˑ ɪ ii̯ ĩː ɪ̃ ĩ̞ ɪ̃ː ĩ ĩ̤ː ḭ̃ ĩ̯ ɯ̯ɤ̞ ɑ̤ː ɤ̤ː ɑ̆ ʌɯ ʌ̤ː ɑˤː ɤ̤ ɤ̝ ʌˤː ɑu̯ ʌu ɑɯ ɯɑ ɑˑ ɑuː ɑ̝ ɤː ʌː ɯo u̯ɑ ɒɯ ɑ̝̹ ɑʊ ɑʊ̯ uɑ̃ ɤ uɑ uɑ˞ ʌ̤ ɑ̝ː uːʌ ɑ ɤˑ ɑ̙ ɤ̯ uʌ ɑo ɤ̞̆ ʌ ʌ̯ ɑ̰ː ɤ̞ː ɤ̞ ɑu ɯʌ ɑ̤ oʌ̯ ɑː uʌ̯ ɑ̃ ɤ̃ː ɑ̃ɔ̃ ɤ̃ ʌ̃ ɑ̃õ ɤ̞̃ ɑ̃ː ʌ̃ː ɪ̙ˠ ɪɛ ɑe eɔ eɪ eʊ iʊ oɛ oɪ uɛ uɪ a̰ḭ a̰ṵ e̘ e̙ ə̟̆ ɘ̠ ɨ̠ a̤ˑ a̰ː a̰ˑ e̤ˑ ḛː ḛˑ ɵə ai̯ː auː ãɪ̯ː ɛ̤ˑ ɛ̰ː ɛ̰ˑ iːe iːɛ uːa aˑ eˑ i̯uo i̯ũo u̯ə̃ u̯ɛ̃ øɪ̯ ɨː ɨ aᴱ eˤ eɘ oɘ øɘ œi ɘi ɪɛː ɪ̃ɛ ɛ̝ ɛ̝ː ɯː ë ï ɪ̃ɛː i̯ãː uã uãː yə eɛ ɛˑ ɘ̟ əy ɛo ə̤ əˑ ɨˑ ä ë̞ i̯ei̯ i̯ɛi̯ ëː ɛ̞ ɑ̈ ɑ̈ː aʲ aʲː aʱ eʱ u̯eu̯ ɨ̰ ɨ̘ u̯ɛi̯ ɔe ɛe aɪ̃ aʊ̃ eɪ̃ eː äi äu̽ iäu̽ iɔ̽ i̞ä i̞e̞ u̽i e ɔ̽i aːĭ aːŭ a̞ iːŭ uːĭ aːi ɔːĭ ɪ̞ aː eʌ̯ iu̯ iʌ̯ i̯æ i̯ø i̯œ i̯œ̞ i̯ɑ i̯ɒ i̯ʌ əˤ yʌ̯ æu̯ æʌ̯ ɯ̰̽ː øʌ̯ œi̯ ɛ̤i̤ œ̞ʌ̯ ɑi̯ ɨ̤ øɪ ɪə oə øə iːə oːə uːə yːə aɯ̃ a̰ɪ̰ ɔːə ɛiː a̰ɯ̰ əʊ ḛɪ̰ eɪ̯ ɯ æɔ əʉ ʊə ɛʉ æo əɯ̃ ʉə ə̰ɯ̰ iə̯ uə̯ yə̯ æi̯ uie uiɛ yia ɔi̯ æːɪ æːʊ ɑɪ ɜɪ au̜ eu̜ iu̜ õi ũi ɐ̃i iɛi̯ ɛu̜ aɪ̯ aʊ̯ eʊ̯ iʊ̯ oɪ̯ oä uɪ̯ ɪ̞̈ ɔɪ̯ ɜi̯ ɛɪ̯ ɛʊ̯ ʊ̯aɪ̯ əo ɪ̯a ɪ̯u̞ ɪ̯ɛ ɜ̹ uei̯ ʌi̯ iɑ ḭu i̽ ɜ̹ː ɨ̹ː aʊɪ eəɪ iəɪ oəɪ ya əɪ əɪa əʊɪ ɐɪ uːe ae̯ aɵ̯ ə̹ aːu̯ ɛ̠ ɤ̟̹ ɯ̟ aːi̯ äː eːi̯ iæ̃ ɑːi̯ ɯ̽ ɔaː ɛ̯æː iɛ̃ iɜ uæ uɛ̃ uɜ ɞe̯ ʉi̯ ɐi̯ o̞ä uä ue̞ ɯ̝ ɨ̹ äu̯ iẽː yɜ äi̯ e̞u̯ i̯ẽ o̞i̯ ä̠ ä̠ː iɛ̠ ɛ̠ː aːɪ ɛ̃ːi̯ ɨä̠ ɒːi̯ aə ɑ̟ː əɨ iˤæ ɨ̞ː æː i̯æi i̯ɛi u̯æi u̯ɛi ãi̯ ãu̯ ẽi̯ õi̯ ə əː ɛ ɛː œ̞ɛ̞ a̰ ḛ ɯ̙ ɯ̙i̯ ɛ̰ a̟̙ː ei̙ e̘ː u̯ɛ ɨ̞̰ əi̯ əu̯ əɨ̙ ə̘ː ɛ̘ː ɪ̈ ɨi̯ ɯ̞ ɨɛ ə̟ e̞ eĩ ɘ ă ĕ ie iẽ ɘ̆ i̯e̞ ɛ̆ ɘː ɯi̯ ai æi ɛa̟ e̞̰ æ ɪe̞ æʉ uəi ɛɐ æˑ ɯ̞̆ i̯ɛ̃ ɨə ɯa a̤i̤ a̤ṳ a̤ɯ̤ io̞ i̤a̤ i̤ṳ i̤ɛ̤ oi o̤i̤ ṳa̤ ṳi̤ ɔ̤i̤ ɤi ɤ̤i̤ ɯ̤i̤ e̞a ɯˑ iˠ iʌ e̠̞ e̯ä aˠ eˠ ɛˠ ɪˠ a̠ a̠ː o̯ä u̯ã iaː uaː ei æˤ ue ea oa ao eu eə i̯a i̯u i̯ɔ oe̞ u̯ə a̤ː yæ ɪ̯ä æ̤ æ̤ː ɪ̯ɔ ɛ̤ː i̯ai i̯au i̯aː i̯oi ay ɛ̙ ae oe i̯oː e̝ i̯uaː iã uẽ æe ɪa ɪã ɪʌ ʊa ʊe ʌi e̤ː i̤a ṳa ɯ̤a ɯ̤ː iau uai iou uei ye ɔɛ ɛɪ i̯ui i̯uː ɛi̯ ai̯ au̯ ei̯ eu̯ i̯ai̯ i̯au̯ i̯e i̯eu̯ i̯o oi̯ u̯ai ui̯ u̯a u̯ai̯ u̯e u̯ei̯ u̯i u̯aː aɪ aʊ aˀ eo eˀ io ɐi ä̤ ɔɪ ɛʊ ʊɪ ɯ̰ ãi ĩə ũə ɔə ɛə ɛ̃ə ɯ̃ə ʌə iɨ uɨ æu ieː iɔ iɛː ɑi aɔ ʉi e̞ˤ ə̰ æɪ i̯ɛ ɛu̯ ɛu a̙ a̙ː a̙ˠ ɛ̙ː ɛ̙ˠ æɛ ɛ̯ ie̞ ɨ̆ æe̯ æẽ̯ ʊ̈i ɜ ĕ̞ ɑy ʌy ioː iæ au ɔi ɯ̽ː ɜi aˤ ɤ̟ iɐ ɯ͓ ɨ̞ ao̞ aɛ ɛi ɛo̞ a̤ e̤ ɑ̟ˑ ɑ̟̝ ɔa ɛ̤ ɯ̤ iə i̤ə̤ uə ṳə̤ ɯə ɯ̤ə̤ ɛa əu ɛɯ aɯ e̞i o̞i ua̟ ia̟ ɯɪ̯ e̞u aɨ əɯ əi e̞ː a̟ː ə̆ ɨi ia ae̞ e̠ aːu ui ʊi e̞ə a̟i ua ɜː ɨa e̞o̞ iu ɯi a ɪu ae̞ˤ ao̞ˤ aˤː o̞a o̞aˤ o̞e̞ o̞iˤ ə̞̆ a̟ æ̰ iɑu ɯ̆ æːi ɜɪ̯ ɪ̈ː əĩ əũ iɛ uɑi æɪ̯ e̯ ə̯ ɯ̞̯ iø yɛ ɛ̃ː ɛ̆̃ æ̃ː ẵ ə̃ː ə̃ æ̃ ãː ɯ̃ ɯ̃ː ã ẽ̞ ẽ̞ː ĩẽ ẽ ɨ̞̃ː ã̟ ã̟ː ɛ̃ ũĩ ãõ ə̤̃ː õã ɨ̃ õ̞ĩˤ œ̃ɛ̃ ãɛ̃ ã̤ ãĩ ɛ̰̃ ɐ̃ɪ̯̃ ũã ə̰̃ ĩɛ̃ː ɘ̃ ɨ̞̃ ũɪ̯̃ ɔ̃ĩ æ̃ɪ̯̃ ẽː õ̞ã õɪ̯̃ ɨ̃ĩ ẽɪ̯̃ ɘ̃ː ə̠̃ ã̤̈ː ãũ̯ ãẽ̞ˤ ãõ̞ˤ ḛ̃ æ̞̃ ĩõ ĩã ɛ̃ɔ̃ ɪ̃ə̃ ãˤ ɨ̃ː ãˤː ã̈ː ẽ̞̰ ɛ̃ũ ẽ̞ĩ ẽɪ̃ ɜ̃ ẽ̞ũ ĩẽ̞ ɤ̟̞̃ ə̃ũ ã̰ ə̃ĩ ĩˠ õ̞ãˤ ɑ̃ĩ ẽĩ ãũ ã̈ ɛ̤̃ː ã̟ĩ õ̞ĩ

Tones & Suprasegmentals

˥ ˥˦ ˥˧ ˥˧˥ ˥˧̰ ˥˨ ˥˨˧ ˥˩ ˥˩˩˥ ˥̰ ˦ ˦ˀ ˦˥ ˦˥˦ ˦˥̰ ˦˦˨ ˦˧ ˦˨ ˦˨˦ ˦˨˨ ˦˩ ˦˩˨ ˦̰ ˦↓˦ ˧ ˧˥ ˧˥˨ ˧˦ ˧˦˧ ˧˨ ˧˨ˤ ˧˨˥ ˧˨˧ ˧˨̤ ˧˩ ˧˩̤ ˧˩̰ ˨ ˨˥ ˨˥˩ ˨˦ ˨˦˦ ˨˦˧ ˨˦˨ ˨˧ ˨˧˨ ˨˧˩ ˨˨˦ ˨˩ ˨˩̤ ˩ ˩˥ ˩˧ ˩˧˩ ˩˨ ˩̰ ↓ ↓˦ ↓˦˨ ↓˦↓˦

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