What this means for learners
SAMA and Kota share 13 sounds — roughly 32% of Kota's inventory overlaps with SAMA. Shared sounds are ones a speaker already knows from their native language and will generally produce and perceive accurately without explicit training.
The 28 sounds found only in Kota represent the greatest pronunciation challenge for SAMA speakers. The adult brain tends to map unfamiliar sounds onto the closest native equivalent — a process that produces the characteristic "accent" of a second-language speaker. Learning to hear and produce these sounds as distinct requires focused ear training, not just repetition.
Conversely, SAMA has 19 sounds not used in Kota. Native Kota speakers learning SAMA will face the mirror-image challenge with these sounds.
Phoneme inventories from PHOIBLE. Data reflects one documented inventory per language; some variation exists across dialects and sources.