Only in SAMA 20
What this means for learners
SAMA and Kharia share 12 sounds — roughly 26% of Kharia's inventory overlaps with SAMA. Shared sounds are ones a speaker already knows from their native language and will generally produce and perceive accurately without explicit training.
The 35 sounds found only in Kharia represent the greatest pronunciation challenge for SAMA speakers. The adult brain tends to map unfamiliar sounds onto the closest native equivalent — a process that produces the characteristic "accent" of a second-language speaker. Learning to hear and produce these sounds as distinct requires focused ear training, not just repetition.
Conversely, SAMA has 20 sounds not used in Kharia. Native Kharia speakers learning SAMA will face the mirror-image challenge with these sounds.
Phoneme inventories from PHOIBLE. Data reflects one documented inventory per language; some variation exists across dialects and sources.