What this means for learners
Koya and Kannada share 29 sounds — roughly 62% of Kannada's inventory overlaps with Koya. Shared sounds are ones a speaker already knows from their native language and will generally produce and perceive accurately without explicit training.
The 18 sounds found only in Kannada represent the greatest pronunciation challenge for Koya speakers. The adult brain tends to map unfamiliar sounds onto the closest native equivalent — a process that produces the characteristic "accent" of a second-language speaker. Learning to hear and produce these sounds as distinct requires focused ear training, not just repetition.
Conversely, Koya has 2 sounds not used in Kannada. Native Kannada speakers learning Koya will face the mirror-image challenge with these sounds.
Phoneme inventories from PHOIBLE. Data reflects one documented inventory per language; some variation exists across dialects and sources.