What this means for learners
EWONDO and Tiv share 28 sounds — roughly 70% of Tiv's inventory overlaps with EWONDO. Shared sounds are ones a speaker already knows from their native language and will generally produce and perceive accurately without explicit training.
The 12 sounds found only in Tiv represent the greatest pronunciation challenge for EWONDO speakers. The adult brain tends to map unfamiliar sounds onto the closest native equivalent — a process that produces the characteristic "accent" of a second-language speaker. Learning to hear and produce these sounds as distinct requires focused ear training, not just repetition.
Conversely, EWONDO has 6 sounds not used in Tiv. Native Tiv speakers learning EWONDO will face the mirror-image challenge with these sounds.
Phoneme inventories from PHOIBLE. Data reflects one documented inventory per language; some variation exists across dialects and sources.