Only in DAHALO 32
What this means for learners
DAHALO and Tiv share 27 sounds — roughly 46% of Tiv's inventory overlaps with DAHALO. Shared sounds are ones a speaker already knows from their native language and will generally produce and perceive accurately without explicit training.
The 13 sounds found only in Tiv represent the greatest pronunciation challenge for DAHALO speakers. The adult brain tends to map unfamiliar sounds onto the closest native equivalent — a process that produces the characteristic "accent" of a second-language speaker. Learning to hear and produce these sounds as distinct requires focused ear training, not just repetition.
Conversely, DAHALO has 32 sounds not used in Tiv. Native Tiv speakers learning DAHALO will face the mirror-image challenge with these sounds.
Phoneme inventories from PHOIBLE. Data reflects one documented inventory per language; some variation exists across dialects and sources.