Only in BODO 1
What this means for learners
Ao-Naga and BODO share 20 sounds — roughly 57% of BODO's inventory overlaps with Ao-Naga. Shared sounds are ones a speaker already knows from their native language and will generally produce and perceive accurately without explicit training.
The 1 sound found only in BODO represent the greatest pronunciation challenge for Ao-Naga speakers. The adult brain tends to map unfamiliar sounds onto the closest native equivalent — a process that produces the characteristic "accent" of a second-language speaker. Learning to hear and produce these sounds as distinct requires focused ear training, not just repetition.
Conversely, Ao-Naga has 15 sounds not used in BODO. Native BODO speakers learning Ao-Naga will face the mirror-image challenge with these sounds.
Phoneme inventories from PHOIBLE. Data reflects one documented inventory per language; some variation exists across dialects and sources.