t̪ʰ vs d

Voiceless Alveolar Stop vs Voiced Alveolar Stop

How these sounds differ

t̪ʰ

Voiceless Alveolar Stop

Voicing: voiceless
Place: alveolar
Manner: stop
Class: consonant
In languages: 36 / 500

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Voiced Alveolar Stop

Voicing: voiced
Place: alveolar
Manner: stop
Class: consonant
In languages: 217 / 500

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Cross-linguistic distribution

Languages with t̪ʰ

Languages with both

217

Languages with d

2 languages in our database contrast both sounds as distinct phonemes. Languages that have one but not the other tend to merge them into a single phoneme — meaning speakers of those languages often struggle to hear the distinction when learning a language that contrasts them.

Has t̪ʰ, not d (20)

KIOWA Kiowa-Tanoan Andamanese Great Andamanese BAI Sino-Tibetan Icelandic Indo-European Bats Nakh-Daghestanian Kharia Austroasiatic Bhumij Austroasiatic ACOMA Keresan HMONG Hmong-Mien HADZA Language isolate Konkani Indo-European Hindi-Urdu Indo-European Arabic Afro-Asiatic Vietnamese Austroasiatic Marathi Indo-European Gujarati Indo-European Bhojpuri Indo-European Kannada Dravidian Awadhi Indo-European Oriya Indo-European

Has d, not t̪ʰ (20)

Gadsup Nuclear Trans New Guinea Telefol Nuclear Trans New Guinea Adzera Austronesian Iai Austronesian Chamorro Austronesian Sa'ban Austronesian Toba-Batak Austronesian Malagasy Austronesian Cham Austronesian Yay Tai-Kadai Garo Sino-Tibetan Lahu Sino-Tibetan Dafla Sino-Tibetan Yao Hmong-Mien Kota Dravidian Burushaski Language isolate Kabardian Abkhaz-Adyge Lak Nakh-Daghestanian Ket Yeniseian Salish Salishan