What this means for learners
WEST MAKIAN and MANCHU share 17 sounds — roughly 68% of MANCHU's inventory overlaps with WEST MAKIAN. Shared sounds are ones a speaker already knows from their native language and will generally produce and perceive accurately without explicit training.
The 8 sounds found only in MANCHU represent the greatest pronunciation challenge for WEST MAKIAN speakers. The adult brain tends to map unfamiliar sounds onto the closest native equivalent — a process that produces the characteristic "accent" of a second-language speaker. Learning to hear and produce these sounds as distinct requires focused ear training, not just repetition.
Conversely, WEST MAKIAN has 6 sounds not used in MANCHU. Native MANCHU speakers learning WEST MAKIAN will face the mirror-image challenge with these sounds.
Phoneme inventories from PHOIBLE. Data reflects one documented inventory per language; some variation exists across dialects and sources.