What this means for learners
Washkuk and Alawa share 12 sounds — roughly 39% of Alawa's inventory overlaps with Washkuk. Shared sounds are ones a speaker already knows from their native language and will generally produce and perceive accurately without explicit training.
The 16 sounds found only in Alawa represent the greatest pronunciation challenge for Washkuk speakers. The adult brain tends to map unfamiliar sounds onto the closest native equivalent — a process that produces the characteristic "accent" of a second-language speaker. Learning to hear and produce these sounds as distinct requires focused ear training, not just repetition.
Conversely, Washkuk has 19 sounds not used in Alawa. Native Alawa speakers learning Washkuk will face the mirror-image challenge with these sounds.
Phoneme inventories from PHOIBLE. Data reflects one documented inventory per language; some variation exists across dialects and sources.