Only in Tigrinya 43
What this means for learners
Tigrinya and Kabardian share 23 sounds — roughly 35% of Kabardian's inventory overlaps with Tigrinya. Shared sounds are ones a speaker already knows from their native language and will generally produce and perceive accurately without explicit training.
The 40 sounds found only in Kabardian represent the greatest pronunciation challenge for Tigrinya speakers. The adult brain tends to map unfamiliar sounds onto the closest native equivalent — a process that produces the characteristic "accent" of a second-language speaker. Learning to hear and produce these sounds as distinct requires focused ear training, not just repetition.
Conversely, Tigrinya has 43 sounds not used in Kabardian. Native Kabardian speakers learning Tigrinya will face the mirror-image challenge with these sounds.
Phoneme inventories from PHOIBLE. Data reflects one documented inventory per language; some variation exists across dialects and sources.