Standard Chinese; Mandarin vs Hakka Chinese

Sound inventory comparison

Only in Standard Chinese; Mandarin

Shared

Only in Hakka Chinese

Only in Standard Chinese; Mandarin 29

˦˨ ˧˦ ˧˨˧ w y uo ou ɹ ɤ a ie ai au uə ia ua ei iau uai iou uei ye ɕ tɕ tɕʰ t̠ʃ t̠ʃ̺ʰ ʃ̺ x

Shared sounds 20

˦ l n u m j i ə iu ŋ tsʰ ts s t tʰ p pʰ f k kʰ

Only in Hakka Chinese 27

˥˩ ˧ ˧˩ ˨ n̩ ɔ̽ m̩ ʋ ɹ̩ ɲ e̞ e̞u ä äi äu̽ iäu̽ iɔ̽ i̞ä i̞e̞ u̽i ɔ̽i h ç c cʰ kʷʰ kʷ

What this means for learners

Standard Chinese; Mandarin and Hakka Chinese share 20 sounds — roughly 41% of Hakka Chinese's inventory overlaps with Standard Chinese; Mandarin. Shared sounds are ones a speaker already knows from their native language and will generally produce and perceive accurately without explicit training.

The 27 sounds found only in Hakka Chinese represent the greatest pronunciation challenge for Standard Chinese; Mandarin speakers. The adult brain tends to map unfamiliar sounds onto the closest native equivalent — a process that produces the characteristic "accent" of a second-language speaker. Learning to hear and produce these sounds as distinct requires focused ear training, not just repetition.

Conversely, Standard Chinese; Mandarin has 29 sounds not used in Hakka Chinese. Native Hakka Chinese speakers learning Standard Chinese; Mandarin will face the mirror-image challenge with these sounds.

Phoneme inventories from PHOIBLE. Data reflects one documented inventory per language; some variation exists across dialects and sources.

Compare with another language

Standard Chinese; Mandarin vs Lahu Standard Chinese; Mandarin vs Dafla Standard Chinese; Mandarin vs Yao Standard Chinese; Mandarin vs SEDANG Standard Chinese; Mandarin vs Kharia Standard Chinese; Mandarin vs Bhumij Standard Chinese; Mandarin vs Kota Standard Chinese; Mandarin vs Burushaski Standard Chinese; Mandarin vs Kabardian Standard Chinese; Mandarin vs Ket Standard Chinese; Mandarin vs Lak Standard Chinese; Mandarin vs Garo