Only in Santali 45
What this means for learners
Santali and Kabardian share 12 sounds — roughly 19% of Kabardian's inventory overlaps with Santali. Shared sounds are ones a speaker already knows from their native language and will generally produce and perceive accurately without explicit training.
The 51 sounds found only in Kabardian represent the greatest pronunciation challenge for Santali speakers. The adult brain tends to map unfamiliar sounds onto the closest native equivalent — a process that produces the characteristic "accent" of a second-language speaker. Learning to hear and produce these sounds as distinct requires focused ear training, not just repetition.
Conversely, Santali has 45 sounds not used in Kabardian. Native Kabardian speakers learning Santali will face the mirror-image challenge with these sounds.
Phoneme inventories from PHOIBLE. Data reflects one documented inventory per language; some variation exists across dialects and sources.