Only in Sandawe 39
What this means for learners
Sandawe and Bhumij share 25 sounds — roughly 39% of Bhumij's inventory overlaps with Sandawe. Shared sounds are ones a speaker already knows from their native language and will generally produce and perceive accurately without explicit training.
The 29 sounds found only in Bhumij represent the greatest pronunciation challenge for Sandawe speakers. The adult brain tends to map unfamiliar sounds onto the closest native equivalent — a process that produces the characteristic "accent" of a second-language speaker. Learning to hear and produce these sounds as distinct requires focused ear training, not just repetition.
Conversely, Sandawe has 39 sounds not used in Bhumij. Native Bhumij speakers learning Sandawe will face the mirror-image challenge with these sounds.
Phoneme inventories from PHOIBLE. Data reflects one documented inventory per language; some variation exists across dialects and sources.