What this means for learners
PACOH and Bugis share 16 sounds — roughly 48% of Bugis's inventory overlaps with PACOH. Shared sounds are ones a speaker already knows from their native language and will generally produce and perceive accurately without explicit training.
The 9 sounds found only in Bugis represent the greatest pronunciation challenge for PACOH speakers. The adult brain tends to map unfamiliar sounds onto the closest native equivalent — a process that produces the characteristic "accent" of a second-language speaker. Learning to hear and produce these sounds as distinct requires focused ear training, not just repetition.
Conversely, PACOH has 17 sounds not used in Bugis. Native Bugis speakers learning PACOH will face the mirror-image challenge with these sounds.
Phoneme inventories from PHOIBLE. Data reflects one documented inventory per language; some variation exists across dialects and sources.