What this means for learners
NYIMANG and Dafla share 14 sounds — roughly 52% of Dafla's inventory overlaps with NYIMANG. Shared sounds are ones a speaker already knows from their native language and will generally produce and perceive accurately without explicit training.
The 13 sounds found only in Dafla represent the greatest pronunciation challenge for NYIMANG speakers. The adult brain tends to map unfamiliar sounds onto the closest native equivalent — a process that produces the characteristic "accent" of a second-language speaker. Learning to hear and produce these sounds as distinct requires focused ear training, not just repetition.
Conversely, NYIMANG has 11 sounds not used in Dafla. Native Dafla speakers learning NYIMANG will face the mirror-image challenge with these sounds.
Phoneme inventories from PHOIBLE. Data reflects one documented inventory per language; some variation exists across dialects and sources.