What this means for learners
Norwegian and Kumauni share 21 sounds — roughly 44% of Kumauni's inventory overlaps with Norwegian. Shared sounds are ones a speaker already knows from their native language and will generally produce and perceive accurately without explicit training.
The 21 sounds found only in Kumauni represent the greatest pronunciation challenge for Norwegian speakers. The adult brain tends to map unfamiliar sounds onto the closest native equivalent — a process that produces the characteristic "accent" of a second-language speaker. Learning to hear and produce these sounds as distinct requires focused ear training, not just repetition.
Conversely, Norwegian has 27 sounds not used in Kumauni. Native Kumauni speakers learning Norwegian will face the mirror-image challenge with these sounds.
Phoneme inventories from PHOIBLE. Data reflects one documented inventory per language; some variation exists across dialects and sources.