Only in NEWARI 23
What this means for learners
NEWARI and Yao share 9 sounds — roughly 18% of Yao's inventory overlaps with NEWARI. Shared sounds are ones a speaker already knows from their native language and will generally produce and perceive accurately without explicit training.
The 40 sounds found only in Yao represent the greatest pronunciation challenge for NEWARI speakers. The adult brain tends to map unfamiliar sounds onto the closest native equivalent — a process that produces the characteristic "accent" of a second-language speaker. Learning to hear and produce these sounds as distinct requires focused ear training, not just repetition.
Conversely, NEWARI has 23 sounds not used in Yao. Native Yao speakers learning NEWARI will face the mirror-image challenge with these sounds.
Phoneme inventories from PHOIBLE. Data reflects one documented inventory per language; some variation exists across dialects and sources.