Only in Nara 38
What this means for learners
Nara and Kota share 21 sounds — roughly 36% of Kota's inventory overlaps with Nara. Shared sounds are ones a speaker already knows from their native language and will generally produce and perceive accurately without explicit training.
The 20 sounds found only in Kota represent the greatest pronunciation challenge for Nara speakers. The adult brain tends to map unfamiliar sounds onto the closest native equivalent — a process that produces the characteristic "accent" of a second-language speaker. Learning to hear and produce these sounds as distinct requires focused ear training, not just repetition.
Conversely, Nara has 38 sounds not used in Kota. Native Kota speakers learning Nara will face the mirror-image challenge with these sounds.
Phoneme inventories from PHOIBLE. Data reflects one documented inventory per language; some variation exists across dialects and sources.