Only in Mongolian 30
What this means for learners
Mongolian and TULU share 16 sounds — roughly 35% of TULU's inventory overlaps with Mongolian. Shared sounds are ones a speaker already knows from their native language and will generally produce and perceive accurately without explicit training.
The 21 sounds found only in TULU represent the greatest pronunciation challenge for Mongolian speakers. The adult brain tends to map unfamiliar sounds onto the closest native equivalent — a process that produces the characteristic "accent" of a second-language speaker. Learning to hear and produce these sounds as distinct requires focused ear training, not just repetition.
Conversely, Mongolian has 30 sounds not used in TULU. Native TULU speakers learning Mongolian will face the mirror-image challenge with these sounds.
Phoneme inventories from PHOIBLE. Data reflects one documented inventory per language; some variation exists across dialects and sources.