What this means for learners
MAXAKALI and Kaliai share 12 sounds — roughly 43% of Kaliai's inventory overlaps with MAXAKALI. Shared sounds are ones a speaker already knows from their native language and will generally produce and perceive accurately without explicit training.
The 16 sounds found only in Kaliai represent the greatest pronunciation challenge for MAXAKALI speakers. The adult brain tends to map unfamiliar sounds onto the closest native equivalent — a process that produces the characteristic "accent" of a second-language speaker. Learning to hear and produce these sounds as distinct requires focused ear training, not just repetition.
Conversely, MAXAKALI has 8 sounds not used in Kaliai. Native Kaliai speakers learning MAXAKALI will face the mirror-image challenge with these sounds.
Phoneme inventories from PHOIBLE. Data reflects one documented inventory per language; some variation exists across dialects and sources.