What this means for learners
Maidu and Kota share 10 sounds — roughly 24% of Kota's inventory overlaps with Maidu. Shared sounds are ones a speaker already knows from their native language and will generally produce and perceive accurately without explicit training.
The 31 sounds found only in Kota represent the greatest pronunciation challenge for Maidu speakers. The adult brain tends to map unfamiliar sounds onto the closest native equivalent — a process that produces the characteristic "accent" of a second-language speaker. Learning to hear and produce these sounds as distinct requires focused ear training, not just repetition.
Conversely, Maidu has 14 sounds not used in Kota. Native Kota speakers learning Maidu will face the mirror-image challenge with these sounds.
Phoneme inventories from PHOIBLE. Data reflects one documented inventory per language; some variation exists across dialects and sources.