What this means for learners
Lao and Yay share 28 sounds — roughly 67% of Yay's inventory overlaps with Lao. Shared sounds are ones a speaker already knows from their native language and will generally produce and perceive accurately without explicit training.
The 10 sounds found only in Yay represent the greatest pronunciation challenge for Lao speakers. The adult brain tends to map unfamiliar sounds onto the closest native equivalent — a process that produces the characteristic "accent" of a second-language speaker. Learning to hear and produce these sounds as distinct requires focused ear training, not just repetition.
Conversely, Lao has 14 sounds not used in Yay. Native Yay speakers learning Lao will face the mirror-image challenge with these sounds.
Phoneme inventories from PHOIBLE. Data reflects one documented inventory per language; some variation exists across dialects and sources.