What this means for learners
KLAO and Yorouba share 14 sounds — roughly 44% of Yorouba's inventory overlaps with KLAO. Shared sounds are ones a speaker already knows from their native language and will generally produce and perceive accurately without explicit training.
The 18 sounds found only in Yorouba represent the greatest pronunciation challenge for KLAO speakers. The adult brain tends to map unfamiliar sounds onto the closest native equivalent — a process that produces the characteristic "accent" of a second-language speaker. Learning to hear and produce these sounds as distinct requires focused ear training, not just repetition.
Conversely, KLAO has 13 sounds not used in Yorouba. Native Yorouba speakers learning KLAO will face the mirror-image challenge with these sounds.
Phoneme inventories from PHOIBLE. Data reflects one documented inventory per language; some variation exists across dialects and sources.