Only in KIOWA 24
What this means for learners
KIOWA and Oriya share 18 sounds — roughly 42% of Oriya's inventory overlaps with KIOWA. Shared sounds are ones a speaker already knows from their native language and will generally produce and perceive accurately without explicit training.
The 25 sounds found only in Oriya represent the greatest pronunciation challenge for KIOWA speakers. The adult brain tends to map unfamiliar sounds onto the closest native equivalent — a process that produces the characteristic "accent" of a second-language speaker. Learning to hear and produce these sounds as distinct requires focused ear training, not just repetition.
Conversely, KIOWA has 24 sounds not used in Oriya. Native Oriya speakers learning KIOWA will face the mirror-image challenge with these sounds.
Phoneme inventories from PHOIBLE. Data reflects one documented inventory per language; some variation exists across dialects and sources.