What this means for learners
KERA and Hiligaynon share 23 sounds — roughly 77% of Hiligaynon's inventory overlaps with KERA. Shared sounds are ones a speaker already knows from their native language and will generally produce and perceive accurately without explicit training.
The 2 sounds found only in Hiligaynon represent the greatest pronunciation challenge for KERA speakers. The adult brain tends to map unfamiliar sounds onto the closest native equivalent — a process that produces the characteristic "accent" of a second-language speaker. Learning to hear and produce these sounds as distinct requires focused ear training, not just repetition.
Conversely, KERA has 7 sounds not used in Hiligaynon. Native Hiligaynon speakers learning KERA will face the mirror-image challenge with these sounds.
Phoneme inventories from PHOIBLE. Data reflects one documented inventory per language; some variation exists across dialects and sources.