Only in JINGPHO 20
What this means for learners
JINGPHO and Dafla share 10 sounds — roughly 33% of Dafla's inventory overlaps with JINGPHO. Shared sounds are ones a speaker already knows from their native language and will generally produce and perceive accurately without explicit training.
The 17 sounds found only in Dafla represent the greatest pronunciation challenge for JINGPHO speakers. The adult brain tends to map unfamiliar sounds onto the closest native equivalent — a process that produces the characteristic "accent" of a second-language speaker. Learning to hear and produce these sounds as distinct requires focused ear training, not just repetition.
Conversely, JINGPHO has 20 sounds not used in Dafla. Native Dafla speakers learning JINGPHO will face the mirror-image challenge with these sounds.
Phoneme inventories from PHOIBLE. Data reflects one documented inventory per language; some variation exists across dialects and sources.