JAPRERIA vs Hakka Chinese

Sound inventory comparison

Only in JAPRERIA

Shared

Only in Hakka Chinese

Only in JAPRERIA 16

n̪|n ɺ o̞ õ̞ ũ b ĩ a ɨ ã ẽ̞ ɨ̃ t̪|t ʔ t̠ʃ ʃ

Shared sounds 8

u m j i e̞ p h k

Only in Hakka Chinese 39

˥˩ ˦ ˧ ˧˩ ˨ l n n̩ ɔ̽ m̩ ʋ ɹ̩ ɲ ə e̞u iu ä äi äu̽ iäu̽ iɔ̽ i̞ä i̞e̞ u̽i ɔ̽i ŋ tsʰ ts s t tʰ pʰ f ç c cʰ kʰ kʷʰ kʷ

What this means for learners

JAPRERIA and Hakka Chinese share 8 sounds — roughly 17% of Hakka Chinese's inventory overlaps with JAPRERIA. Shared sounds are ones a speaker already knows from their native language and will generally produce and perceive accurately without explicit training.

The 39 sounds found only in Hakka Chinese represent the greatest pronunciation challenge for JAPRERIA speakers. The adult brain tends to map unfamiliar sounds onto the closest native equivalent — a process that produces the characteristic "accent" of a second-language speaker. Learning to hear and produce these sounds as distinct requires focused ear training, not just repetition.

Conversely, JAPRERIA has 16 sounds not used in Hakka Chinese. Native Hakka Chinese speakers learning JAPRERIA will face the mirror-image challenge with these sounds.

Phoneme inventories from PHOIBLE. Data reflects one documented inventory per language; some variation exists across dialects and sources.

Compare with another language

JAPRERIA vs Lahu JAPRERIA vs Dafla JAPRERIA vs Yao JAPRERIA vs SEDANG JAPRERIA vs Kharia JAPRERIA vs Bhumij JAPRERIA vs Kota JAPRERIA vs Burushaski JAPRERIA vs Kabardian JAPRERIA vs Lak JAPRERIA vs Ket JAPRERIA vs Garo