What this means for learners
GWARI and Bhumij share 15 sounds — roughly 28% of Bhumij's inventory overlaps with GWARI. Shared sounds are ones a speaker already knows from their native language and will generally produce and perceive accurately without explicit training.
The 39 sounds found only in Bhumij represent the greatest pronunciation challenge for GWARI speakers. The adult brain tends to map unfamiliar sounds onto the closest native equivalent — a process that produces the characteristic "accent" of a second-language speaker. Learning to hear and produce these sounds as distinct requires focused ear training, not just repetition.
Conversely, GWARI has 11 sounds not used in Bhumij. Native Bhumij speakers learning GWARI will face the mirror-image challenge with these sounds.
Phoneme inventories from PHOIBLE. Data reflects one documented inventory per language; some variation exists across dialects and sources.