Only in Lingala 1
What this means for learners
Gbeya and Lingala share 21 sounds — roughly 47% of Lingala's inventory overlaps with Gbeya. Shared sounds are ones a speaker already knows from their native language and will generally produce and perceive accurately without explicit training.
The 1 sound found only in Lingala represent the greatest pronunciation challenge for Gbeya speakers. The adult brain tends to map unfamiliar sounds onto the closest native equivalent — a process that produces the characteristic "accent" of a second-language speaker. Learning to hear and produce these sounds as distinct requires focused ear training, not just repetition.
Conversely, Gbeya has 24 sounds not used in Lingala. Native Lingala speakers learning Gbeya will face the mirror-image challenge with these sounds.
Phoneme inventories from PHOIBLE. Data reflects one documented inventory per language; some variation exists across dialects and sources.