What this means for learners
CAMSA and Minangkabau share 20 sounds — roughly 61% of Minangkabau's inventory overlaps with CAMSA. Shared sounds are ones a speaker already knows from their native language and will generally produce and perceive accurately without explicit training.
The 13 sounds found only in Minangkabau represent the greatest pronunciation challenge for CAMSA speakers. The adult brain tends to map unfamiliar sounds onto the closest native equivalent — a process that produces the characteristic "accent" of a second-language speaker. Learning to hear and produce these sounds as distinct requires focused ear training, not just repetition.
Conversely, CAMSA has 8 sounds not used in Minangkabau. Native Minangkabau speakers learning CAMSA will face the mirror-image challenge with these sounds.
Phoneme inventories from PHOIBLE. Data reflects one documented inventory per language; some variation exists across dialects and sources.