What this means for learners
Borôro and Kapampangan share 16 sounds — roughly 73% of Kapampangan's inventory overlaps with Borôro. Shared sounds are ones a speaker already knows from their native language and will generally produce and perceive accurately without explicit training.
The 6 sounds found only in Kapampangan represent the greatest pronunciation challenge for Borôro speakers. The adult brain tends to map unfamiliar sounds onto the closest native equivalent — a process that produces the characteristic "accent" of a second-language speaker. Learning to hear and produce these sounds as distinct requires focused ear training, not just repetition.
Conversely, Borôro has 6 sounds not used in Kapampangan. Native Kapampangan speakers learning Borôro will face the mirror-image challenge with these sounds.
Phoneme inventories from PHOIBLE. Data reflects one documented inventory per language; some variation exists across dialects and sources.