What this means for learners
Awadhi and Kharia share 27 sounds — roughly 57% of Kharia's inventory overlaps with Awadhi. Shared sounds are ones a speaker already knows from their native language and will generally produce and perceive accurately without explicit training.
The 20 sounds found only in Kharia represent the greatest pronunciation challenge for Awadhi speakers. The adult brain tends to map unfamiliar sounds onto the closest native equivalent — a process that produces the characteristic "accent" of a second-language speaker. Learning to hear and produce these sounds as distinct requires focused ear training, not just repetition.
Conversely, Awadhi has 18 sounds not used in Kharia. Native Kharia speakers learning Awadhi will face the mirror-image challenge with these sounds.
Phoneme inventories from PHOIBLE. Data reflects one documented inventory per language; some variation exists across dialects and sources.