Only in Apinaye 32
What this means for learners
Apinaye and Kota share 17 sounds — roughly 35% of Kota's inventory overlaps with Apinaye. Shared sounds are ones a speaker already knows from their native language and will generally produce and perceive accurately without explicit training.
The 24 sounds found only in Kota represent the greatest pronunciation challenge for Apinaye speakers. The adult brain tends to map unfamiliar sounds onto the closest native equivalent — a process that produces the characteristic "accent" of a second-language speaker. Learning to hear and produce these sounds as distinct requires focused ear training, not just repetition.
Conversely, Apinaye has 32 sounds not used in Kota. Native Kota speakers learning Apinaye will face the mirror-image challenge with these sounds.
Phoneme inventories from PHOIBLE. Data reflects one documented inventory per language; some variation exists across dialects and sources.