What this means for learners
Adzera and Malagasy share 12 sounds — roughly 33% of Malagasy's inventory overlaps with Adzera. Shared sounds are ones a speaker already knows from their native language and will generally produce and perceive accurately without explicit training.
The 24 sounds found only in Malagasy represent the greatest pronunciation challenge for Adzera speakers. The adult brain tends to map unfamiliar sounds onto the closest native equivalent — a process that produces the characteristic "accent" of a second-language speaker. Learning to hear and produce these sounds as distinct requires focused ear training, not just repetition.
Conversely, Adzera has 13 sounds not used in Malagasy. Native Malagasy speakers learning Adzera will face the mirror-image challenge with these sounds.
Phoneme inventories from PHOIBLE. Data reflects one documented inventory per language; some variation exists across dialects and sources.